Functions of spiral casing, guide vanes, runner blades, blade pitching and draft tube. Let us look at turbines first and there are two types of turbines a. Francis turbine its components, working and application. The basic 4 steps for any internal combustion engine are. Oct 24, 2016 francis turbine working principle, main parts, diagram and application.
Steam turbine a steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. Kaplan turbine works on the principle of axial flow reaction. When wind strikes on the turbine blades, the turbine rotates due to the design and alignment of rotor blades. The kaplan is of the propellertype, similar to an airplanepropeller. The conversion is generally accomplished by passing the fluid through a system of stationary passages or vanes that alternate with passages consisting of finlike blades attached to a rotor.
In this article we will learn about how francis turbine working principle, main components, diagram and application. Evolution of original pelton wheel into modern pelton wheel. Differences between francis and kaplan turbines mech4study. The water is admitted to the runner through guide vanes or wicket gates. Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting reaction on the turbine blades making the turbine rotate. Energy recovery devices in seawater reverse osmosis. Two basic categories of machines are the rotary type and the reciprocating type. The savonius wind turbine is an aerodynamically drag based, selfstarting turbine with low cut in speed but their inefficiency curtails them to fewer applications, whereas, darrieus wind turbines. If there is any change in momentum of fluid then a force is generated. A pump is a device for converting shaft power into water power. Hydraulic turbinedefinition, types, working principle. In a plant, co2 gas and superheated steam are used as the main and the secondary working fluids, respectively, of a closed dual fluid regenerative gas turbine power plant. Hydraulic turbines are being used from very ancient times to harness the energy stored in flowing streams, rivers and lakes. The runner is completely enclosed that is it is air tight.
Pelton turbine working, main parts, application with diagram. Francis turbine working principle, main parts, diagram and. The water is admitted to the runner through guide vanes or. Introduction to francis turbine the francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine. What is reaction turbine principle, working, main components and application. It was designed by an american scientist james francis. An efficiency assessment analysis of a modified gravitational pelton. Once entering the turbine, the water always flows inwards, towards the center. The francis turbine is also called a radial flow turbine, since water flows from the outer circumference towards the centre of runner. If motor is used is dc powered then it is called dc servo motor, and if it is ac. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today.
With help of 3d animation working and design aspects of a kaplan turbine is elaborated in this video lecture. In francis turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the turbine axially. The opening between the vanes can be adjusted to vary the quantity of water admitted to the turbine. In this type of turbine at inlet is in the form of both kinetic as well as pressure energy. Kaplan turbine is a low headturbine and used for heads ofless than 80 meters. Design, performance and maintenance of francis turbines. The output of the generator is collected through electric power. Francis turbine diagram, working, parts, advantages. The water going through a francis turbine loses pressure, but stays at more or less the same speed, so it would be considered a reaction turbine. According to water flowing through the turbine runners, turbines are classified in two categories i. Francis, while working as head engineer of the locks and canals company in the water wheelpowered textile. The pelton wheel turbine is invented by lester allan pelton, an american engineer. Francis 1815 1892 an english born inventor who developed the turbine in the year 1849. In simple words, falling water spins the water turbine.
The reaction turbines are thompson, francis, kaplan, fourneyron and propeller turbine. Water with high head pressure enters the turbine through the spiral casing surrounding the guide vanes. Complete francis turbine flow simulation using fluent complete francis turbine flow simulation using fluent simuliranje strujanja kroz cijelu francisovu turbinu primjenom fluenta arija zoran g. Introduction francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. In the case of reaction turbine, the moving blades of a turbine are shaped in such a way that the steam expands and drops in pressure as it passes through them. Jeanvictor poncelet designed an inwardflow turbine in about 1820 that used the same principles. Francis turbine working principle, main parts, diagram and application. Find powerpoint presentations and slides using the power of, find free presentations research about francis turbine ppt. Characteristics of francis turbine they operate in a water head from 10 to 650 meters 33 to 2,3 feet. The shaft of the turbine is coupled with an electrical generator. Francis turbine powerpoint ppt presentations powershow. And in 1848 the open water moved wheel turned to an enclosed turbine water motor by james r. Kaplan turbine the kaplan turbine is a greatdevelopment of early 19thcentury.
Prime movers and governing systems ppt video online download. Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the. The lower end of the penstock is joined with a nozzle in the turbine casing. Impulse turbine and reaction turbineprinciple, working and. It is used when the head is between 80 to 500 metres. The water looses a part of its pressure in the volute spiral casing to maintain its speed. As a result of pressure decrease in the moving blade, a reaction force will be produced. In francis turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the. Francis turbines are the most commonly used hydro turbines. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60 years with will be presented. There would be a decrease in both kinetic energy and potential energy of water at exit, then.
The water at the inlet of the turbine possesses both kinetic energy as well as pressure energy for effective rotation the blades in a hydropower station. The turbine is located between the high pressure water source and the low pressure water exit, usually at the base of a dam. Boydens turbine working principle of francis turbine it is a clever design which uses both the reaction and impulse force to generate power output better than individual impulse turbine or reaction turbine could produce at same water head conditions. It was designed by american scientist james francis. Turbine, any of various devices that convert the energy in a stream of fluid into mechanical energy. The steam is made to fall in its pressure by expanding in a nozzle. Hydraulic turbines design, erection and operation by. The runner with buckets is shown in the figure given below. Here importance of turbine runner, runner blade shape, spiral casing and draft tube. Guirguis, mageed jean, energy recovery devices in seawater reverse osmosis desalination plants with emphasis on efficiency and economical analysis of isobaric versus centrifugal devices 2011.
Francis turbines are generally installed with their axis vertical. As a spiral casing is stranded, the runner is not simply available. In a pelton turbine or pelton wheel water jets impact on the blades of the turbine making the wheel rotate, producing torque and power. Hydroelectric power plant definition, principle, usage.
His work on these turbines was later published as the lowell. Working of francis turbine is explained in this video in a step by step logical manner, with help of animation. The francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by james b. Steam turbines are ideal wherever steam is available. What is the difference between a pelton wheel and the francis and. A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object with great precision. It is an inwardflow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. It is just made up of simple motor which run through servo mechanism.
So, the working principle of this turbine is, according to newtons law, a force is directly proportional to the change in momentum. May 02, 20 with help of 3d animation working and design aspects of a kaplan turbine is elaborated in this video lecture. With comparatively low pressure drop for inline meters, turbine flow meters deliver unprecedented accuracy. Water enters these turbines radially meaning that it enters the turbine perpendicular to the rotational axis. Working principle of pelton turbines from the head race in the mountains water is conveyed to the turbines installed in the power house through the penstocks. Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing through them producing electricity more efficiently. It is still the most widely used water turbine in the world today. Find powerpoint presentations and slides using the power of, find free. For generation of electricity in thermal power plants, steam turbines are used coal fuel oil or nuclear power provides the primary source of energy. Ppt turbines powerpoint presentation free to download. May 30, 2018 according to water flowing through the turbine runners, turbines are classified in two categories i. Penstock input pipes diameters are between 1 and 10 meters 3 and 33 feet.
They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m to 2,000 ft and are used. The working principle, main components and its application is discussed in. The energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only kinetic energy. A reaction turbine is different from impulse turbine in many ways. Water enters the runner and flows towards the center of the wheel in the radial direction and leaves parallel to the axis of the turbine. Francis turbine had some limitations which were overcome by kaplan turbine. Water enters the turbine through spiral casing, and starts entering the runner blades, passing through stay vanes and guide vanes, as it moves along the length of casing the decreasing crosssection area of the spiral casing makes sure that the pressure energy of water would remain uniform along its length, as a portion of water is also entering the runner blades. Both use a fluid of gous nature at high temperature at high pressure to generate power. Gas turbine engines derive their power from burning fuel in a combustion chamber and using the fast flowing combustion gases to drive a turbine in much the same way as the high pressure steam drives a steam turbine. Water enters the runner and flows towards the center of the wheel in the radial direction and leaves parallel to the. Working principle of hydroelectric power plant your. If you want to rotate and object at some specific angles or distance, then you use servo motor. Water is delivered by the nozzle at a high velocity on the buckets. The working principles and design of turbine flow meters are well documented.
There is an air turbine of large blades attached on the top of a supporting tower of sufficient height. Francis turbine francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. Kinetic energy as well as pressure energy of water is used to drive turbine. He applied scientific principles and testing methods to produce a very efficient turbine design. Apr 22, 20 kaplan turbine the kaplan turbine is a greatdevelopment of early 19thcentury. They operate in a water head from 10 to 650 meters 33 to 2,3 feet. Learn more about design, analysis, working principle and applications of pelton wheel turbine. Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. The pelton wheel or pelton wheel turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine used for high heads of water. The francis turbine, named for him, is the first modern water turbine. The turbine powered generator power output generally ranges from 10 to 750 megawatts. The pressure energy at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. Francis turbine diagram, working, parts, advantages, applications. Jan 02, 2019 there is an air turbine of large blades attached on the top of a supporting tower of sufficient height.
Jul 24, 20 working of francis turbine is explained in this video in a step by step logical manner, with help of animation. Only a few large low head francis turbines made by kvaerner have been installed in norway. A simple gas turbine is comprised of three main sections a compressor, a combustor, and a power turbine. A water turbine is a device for converting water fluid power into shaft mechanical power. This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge. This is the basic working principle of hydroelectric power plant. The francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy.
The water which is not durt free can cause extremely rapid wear in a high head francis turbine. Francis turbine is used for the production of electricity in hydro power stations. Also, there are some disadvantages of francis turbine and those are listed below. Francis turbine blades are designed in such a way that one portion of the blade design creates the pressure difference between the opposite faces of the blade when water flows through it, and the remaining portions blade design use the impulse force of water hitting it and this combined action of pressure difference and impulse force generates enough power to get turbine moving at a required speed. Twentytwo of the francis turbines reside in hoover dam to this day. Pelton wheel turbine is the type of impulse turbine but here we talk about only reaction turbine. In axial flow turbines, the water flows through the runner along the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner. The invention of kaplan turbine is evolution in the field of hydraulic turbines or we can say that it is the upgrade version of francis turbine. Dec 17, 2019 the pelton wheel or pelton wheel turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine used for high heads of water.
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